the father of Atlas

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Īăpĕtus, i, m., = Iapetos, a Titan, son of Uranos and Gœa, the father of Atlas, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, Hyg. F. praef.; 54; 142; 144; Verg. G. 1, 279; Lact. 2, 10, 7 sq.:

satus Iapeto,

i. e. Prometheus, Ov. M. 1, 82;

called also Iapeti genus,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 27.—

Deriv. Īăpĕtīŏnĭdes, ae, m., a male descendant of Iapetus:

Atlas,

Ov. M. 4, 632:

fratres gemini,

i. e. Prometheus and Epimetneus, Claud. Eutr. 2, 49.

Īăpĕtus, i, m., = Iapetos, a Titan, son of Uranos and Gœa, the father of Atlas, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, Hyg. F. praef.; 54; 142; 144; Verg. G. 1, 279; Lact. 2, 10, 7 sq.:

satus Iapeto,

i. e. Prometheus, Ov. M. 1, 82;

called also Iapeti genus,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 27.—

Deriv. Īăpĕtīŏnĭdes, ae, m., a male descendant of Iapetus:

Atlas,

Ov. M. 4, 632:

fratres gemini,

i. e. Prometheus and Epimetneus, Claud. Eutr. 2, 49.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

Ā̆tlās, antis, m., = Atlas.

Atlas, a high mountain in Mauretania, in the northwest part of Libya, on which, acc. to the fable, heaven rested, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 11 sqq.; Ov. M. 2, 296; 15, 149; id. F. 5, 83; Verg. A. 4, 247; 6, 796; Vitr. 6, 10; 8, 12; Hyg. Fab. 150 (cf. Hom. Od. 1, 52; 4, 385; Hdt. 3, 2; 4, 148; Apollod. 2, 5, 11; Diod. Sic. 3, 5).—

In mythology, a king of Mauretania, son of Iapetus and Clymene, a lover of astronomy, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 8; Ov. M. 4, 628 sq.; changed by Perseus, with the aid of Medusa's head, into Mount Atlas, because he refused him a hospitable reception as guest, Ov. M. 4, 657 sq. He was the father, by Pleione, of the seven Pleiades, and, by Æthra, of the seven (acc. to Hyg. five) Hyades. — Meton. for a man of colossal height, and iron. for a dwarf, Juv. 8, 32.—

Derivv.

Ā̆tlantĭcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas, as a designation for westAfrican, Libyan:

mare,

the Atlantic Ocean, Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

accola,

dwelling on Atlas, Sil. 10, 185:

munera,

i. e. citrus-wood, Mart. 14, 89; cf. Atlantis, 1.—

Ā̆tlantĭăcus, a, um, adj., the same:

litus,

Sil. 13, 200:

Olympus,

i. e. the heaven borne by Atlas, Calp. 4, 83:

profundum,

Aus. Mos. 144.—

Ā̆tlantēus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Atlas, and,

Of Mount Atlas, as a designation for west-African, Libyan:

finis,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 11: Oceanus, the Atlantic Ocean, Claud. Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 280; cf.

id. Prob. et Olyb. Cons. 35: gurges,

Stat. Achill. 1, 223.—

Of or belonging to King Atlas:

Pleiades,

Ov. F. 3, 105.—

Ā̆tlantĭădes, ae, m. patr., a male descendant of King Atlas.

Mercury, the grandson of Atlas by Maia, Ov. M. 2, 704; 2, 834; 8, 627 (cf.:

nepos Atlantis,

Ov. F. 5, 663; Hor. C. 1, 10, 1).—

Hermaphroditus, greatgrandson of Atlas and son of Mercury, Ov. M. 4, 368.—

Ā̆tlantĭăs, ădis, f. patr., a female descendant of Atlas:

sorores,

i. e. Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, Sil. 16, 136:

Calypso,

Auct. Priap. 69 (cf. Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 685 P.: apud nympham Atlantis filiam Calypsonem).—

Ā̆tlantis, ĭdis, f.

Adj., of or pertaining to Mount Atlas:

silva,

a citrus forest, Luc. 10, 144; cf. Atlanticus.—Also subst., the name of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, of which the largest, acc. to Plato, was said to have sunk (some consider this as America), Plin. 2, 90, 92, § 205; 6, 31, 36, § 190.—

Adj., of or pertaining to King Atlas; and subst., his female posterity; thus the Pleiades and Hyades, connected as constellations in the heavens, are called Atlantides, Hyg. Fab. 192; id. Astr. 2, 21: Eoae Atlantides, the Pleiades, called Vergiliae, Verg. G. 1, 221 Serv.; Col. 10, 54; cf. Vitr. 6, 10.—In sing., an epithet of Electra, one of the Pleiades, Ov F. 4, 31; and of Calypso, Tib. 4, 1, 77. —

Ā̆tlantĭus, ii, m., a descendant of Atlas; Hermaphroditus, his great-grandson by Mercury (cf. Atlantiades), Hyg. Fab. 271.—

Ā̆tlantes, um, m., a Libyan people, Mel. 1, 4, 4; 1, 8, 5; Plin. 5, 8, 8, § 44 sq.; Sol. 31.—

Atlantes = Gigantes, Naev. Bell. Punic. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 308ff).

① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)

ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).

ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).

② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen² 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.² 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.

③ a part of human personality, spirit

ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X⁷ 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.

ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).

ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.

④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).

ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).

ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.

ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.

⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.

ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.

ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.

ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).

β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.

ⓓ abs.

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).

β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.

ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.

ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.

ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.

α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.

β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.

γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).

δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.

⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).

ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.

ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).

ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.

ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.

ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.

ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.

⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.

⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen² 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines⁶ 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

māternus, a, um, adj. [mater], of or belonging to a mother, maternal (class.): sanguis, Enn. ap. Non. 292, 16 (Trag. v. 184 Vahl.):

paternus maternusque sanguis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

animus,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 24:

nomen,

Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

menses,

the months of pregnancy, Nemes. Cyn. 19:

tempora,

time of pregnancy, Ov. M. 3, 312: Caesar cingens maternā tempora myrto, i. e. of Venus, the mother of Æneas, from whom sprang the race of the Cæsars, Verg. G. 1, 28:

arma (Aeneae),

i. e. which his mother Venus had obtained for him from Vulcan, id. A. 12, 107:

aves,

i. e. the doves sacred to Venus, id. ib. 6, 193:

avus,

i. e. Atlas, the father of Maia, the mother of Mercury, id. ib. 4, 258:

Delum maternam invisit Apollo,

i. e. where his mother Latona had borne him, id. ib. 144: aequora, i. e. from which she (Venus) was born, Ov. F. 4, 131:

Numa,

related by the mother's side, id. P. 3, 2, 105; cf.:

an ad maternos Latinos hoc senatus consultum pertineat,

Gai. Inst. 3, 71:

nobilitas,

by the mother's side, Verg. A. 11, 340: Idus, i. e. of May (Mercury's birthday), Mart. 7, 71 5—Of animals:

ut agnus condiscat maternum trahere alimentum,

Col. 7, 3:

perdix materna vacans cura,

Plin. 10, 33, 51, § 103.

Māternus, i, m., a Roman surname:

Curiatius Maternus,

Tac. Or. 2.

māternus, a, um, adj. [mater], of or belonging to a mother, maternal (class.): sanguis, Enn. ap. Non. 292, 16 (Trag. v. 184 Vahl.):

paternus maternusque sanguis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 66:

animus,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 24:

nomen,

Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

menses,

the months of pregnancy, Nemes. Cyn. 19:

tempora,

time of pregnancy, Ov. M. 3, 312: Caesar cingens maternā tempora myrto, i. e. of Venus, the mother of Æneas, from whom sprang the race of the Cæsars, Verg. G. 1, 28:

arma (Aeneae),

i. e. which his mother Venus had obtained for him from Vulcan, id. A. 12, 107:

aves,

i. e. the doves sacred to Venus, id. ib. 6, 193:

avus,

i. e. Atlas, the father of Maia, the mother of Mercury, id. ib. 4, 258:

Delum maternam invisit Apollo,

i. e. where his mother Latona had borne him, id. ib. 144: aequora, i. e. from which she (Venus) was born, Ov. F. 4, 131:

Numa,

related by the mother's side, id. P. 3, 2, 105; cf.:

an ad maternos Latinos hoc senatus consultum pertineat,

Gai. Inst. 3, 71:

nobilitas,

by the mother's side, Verg. A. 11, 340: Idus, i. e. of May (Mercury's birthday), Mart. 7, 71 5—Of animals:

ut agnus condiscat maternum trahere alimentum,

Col. 7, 3:

perdix materna vacans cura,

Plin. 10, 33, 51, § 103.

Māternus, i, m., a Roman surname:

Curiatius Maternus,

Tac. Or. 2.

1 bank (orilla) (de río, lago).

2 side (lado).

a la vera de next to

3 edge.

4 Vera.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 edge, side

\

a la vera de beside, next to

a mi vera beside me

* * *

SF (gen) edge, verge, berm (EEUU); [de río] bank

* * *

femenino (ant) ( de río) bank

* * *

femenino (ant) ( de río) bank

* * *

( ant)

(de un río) bank

a la vera del camino by the roadside

estuvo a su vera he was by her side

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) futuro indicativo

◊ ser de buen vera to be good-looking o attractive

◊ a mi/su vera in my/his view

a) ( percibir con la vista) to see;

◊ ¿ves algo? can you see anything?;

b) ( mirar) ‹programa/partido› to watch;

◊ vera (la) televisión to watch television;

◊ ¿no ves lo que está pasando? don't o can't you see what's happening?;

a) (constatar, comprobar) to see;

◊ ve a vera quién es go and see who it is;

b) ( ser testigo de) to see;

◊ ¡nunca he visto cosa igual! I've never seen anything like it!;

◊ a ver: (vamos) a vera ¿de qué se trata? OK o all right, now, what's the problem?;

a) ( estudiar):

◊ esto mejor que lo veas tú you'd better have a look at this;

b) [ médico] ( examinar) to see;

◊ ¿la ha visto un médico? has she been seen by a doctor yet?

a) (juzgar, considerar):

◊ yo eso no lo veo bien I don't think that's right;

b) ( encontrar) to see;

◊ no le veo salida a esto I can't see any way out of this;

◊ ¡cuánto tiempo sin verate! I haven't seen you for ages!

◊ tener … que ver: ¿y eso qué tiene que vera? and what does that have to do with it?;

◊ así no veo I can't see like this;

◊ ¿hay cerveza? — no sé, voy a vera is there any beer? — I don't know, I'll have a look;

◊ ya veraé I'll see;

◊ me vi en un aprieto I found myself in a tight spot;

◊ se ve bien con esa falda she looks good in that skirt;

a) ( encontrarse) to meet;

◊ nos vemos a las siete I'll meet o see you at seven;

b) (visitarse, encontrarse) to see each other;

◊ nos vemos a menudo we see each other often;

* * *

vera nf

1. [orilla] [de río] bank;

2. [lado] side;

se sentó a la vera de su padre she sat at her father's side;

ven aquí, a mi vera come here, beside me;

a la vera del camino at the side of the road

3. [árbol] verawood, Maracaibo lignum-vitae

* * *

f de río bank;

a la vera del camino at the roadside, at the side of the road;

estaba a la vera de su madre he was at his mother’s side

* * *

vera nf

: side

a la vera del camino: alongside the road

"light blue;

Lichtblau"

* * *

sky blue

( divino) heavenly ( also fig)

* * *

celeste agg.

1 ( del cielo) celestial, heavenly: corpi celesti, celestial (o heavenly) bodies; globo, sfera celeste, celestial globe, sphere; equatore, polo celeste, celestial equator, pole; atlante celeste, star atlas // (fis.) meccanica celeste, celestial mechanics

2 ( divino) celestial, heavenly, divine: la città celeste, the Celestial City; (teol.) grazia celeste, heavenly (o divine) grace // il Celeste Impero, the Celestial Empire

3 ( colore) sky-blue, light blue, azure; (rar.) celeste

◆ s.m.

1 ( colore) sky blue, light blue, azure; (rar.) celeste

2 pl. ( dèi) gods: così non vollero i celesti, but the gods willed otherwise.

* * *

1. agg

1) (colore) pale blue, sky-blue

2) (di cielo) celestial, (divino) heavenly, celestial

2. sm

(colore) pale blue, sky blue

* * *

1) astr. [ fenomeno] celestial

2) (divino) [gloria, spirito] celestial

3) (azzurro) baby-blue, sky-blue

sostantivo maschile (azzurro) baby-blue, sky-blue

* * *

celeste

/t∫e'lεste/ ⇒ 3

I aggettivo

 1 astr. [ fenomeno] celestial; corpo celeste heavenly o celestial body

 2 (divino) [gloria, spirito] celestial; Padre Celeste Heavenly Father

 3 (azzurro) baby-blue, sky-blue

II sostantivo maschile

  (azzurro) baby-blue, sky-blue.

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   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

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   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

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   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

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   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

   ■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.

   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

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   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

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